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Como surge la corrupción. ~Política científica y democrática (no dogmática).

Como surge la corrupción judicial. Bien explicado.

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LLM generated Marx theories in formulas.

Marxist Theory Formalization Marxist Theory Formalization Primitive Sets and Functions 𝒜 : Set of all agents (individuals) 𝒞 : Set of all social classes ℳ : Set of all modes of production ℛ : Set of all economic resources 𝒯 : Ordered set of time periods, 𝒯 ⊂ ℤ⁺ m(t) ∈ ℳ: Mode of production at time t Class(a, c, t) : Agent a ∈ 𝒜 belongs to class c ∈ 𝒞 at time t Owns(c, r, t) : Class c ∈ 𝒞 owns resource r ∈ ℛ at time t Economic Base and Superstructure B(t) : Economic base at time t B(t) = (m(t), OWNERSHIP(t)) S(t) : Superstructure at time t S(t) = f(B(t)) ...
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Quick Meditation On The Concept Of Cooperation In Economics. [LLM Assisted]

In theory, the employment relationship is a voluntary exchange: the worker gets a wage, the firm gets labor, and both are supposedly better off than without the deal. In practice, the outcomes are highly asymmetric, and the claim of mutual benefit often obscures deep power imbalances. Let’s break this into empirical reality and what it means for the “cooperation” question. Is Cooperation Observed in the Real World? Yes, in the narrow sense that millions of employment relationships exist daily. Firms need workers, and workers need income. Both parties generally prefer that arrangement to the alternatives (starvation for workers; no production for firms). So in a bare Pareto efficiency sense, both are “better off” than in a state of no agreement. But that tells us nothing about the distribution of the surplus created by that cooperation. The Asymmetry You Observe: Winners and Losers Data across advanced economies show a clear pattern: · Productivity has continued t...
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Contradictions in Von Hayek, which inspired Vargas Llosa's economical thought. — LLM Assisted.

  Friedrich Hayek's economic theories, while influential, contain several potential logical contradictions when examined through the lens of their internal consistency. Here's a structured analysis of these contradictions: 1.  Knowledge Problem vs. Market Efficiency Axiom : Hayek posits that markets efficiently aggregate dispersed, tacit knowledge through price signals, surpassing centralized planning. Contradiction : If individuals possess inherently limited and localized knowledge, the price mechanism may still fail to fully capture complex information, leading to inefficiencies (e.g., asset bubbles). This challenges the assumption of market efficiency, suggesting a gap between theoretical aggregation and practical implementation. 2.  Spontaneous Order vs. Deliberate Regulation Axiom : Institutions evolve organically ("spontaneous order") without central design, ensuring adaptability. Contradiction : Addressing externalities (e.g., pollution) often requires delibera...
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